Element+Families

__ ELEMENT FAMILIES __ 1. Family Name 2. Group number or numbers? 3. How electrons are involved in reactions? 4. Reactivity comparison? 5. Physical properties and description? 6. Examples, importance, and uses?

__ Alkali Metals __ (Group 1) Lose one electron in reactions / Have one outer electron Very Reactive – React violent with water. (to form hydrogen gas which burns due to the exothermic reaction) Shiny and soft physical properties Sodium(Na) and potassium(K) are involved in the function of nerves and muscles. Lithium(Li) is used in batteries and medications (Lithium) http://www.jennifermurch.com/2011/03/perfect-pretzels-with-side-of-poison.html

__ Alkaline Earth Metals __ (Group 2) Lose two electrons in reactions / Have two outer electrons Almost as reactive as group 1 – highly reactive with water Gray-white and a good conductor of electricity Magnesium(Mg) makes a strong-light alloy with aluminum. Calcium(Ca) major element in teeth and bones http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2008-06/let-burning-metals-lie

__ Transition Metals __ (Groups 3 -12) Lose two or three electrons in reactions. Slightly reactive – Iron(Fe) rusts in water. Silver(Ag) and copper(Cu) tarnish. Strong, hard, and shiny except for mercury(Hg) Iron(Fe) is part of the oxygen carrying molecule in blood.

http://phys.org/news/2015-02-silver-electrocatalysts-enable-long-term-space.html

__Boron Family__ (Group 13) Elements in this family mostly lose 3 outer electrons when they bond with other elements. Boron is the only semimetal in this group and has the lowest atomic number and mass. Boron is an essential plant nutrient and used in cleaners, but only occurs in scant amounts.. Aluminum is the third most abundant element and most common metal on Earth, but its production requires a lot of electricity. It is a light strong metal used in alloys. Aluminum combines with oxygen to make the second hardest mineral after diamond. Aluminum is also used for its excellent ability to conduct heat and electricity. Gallium has the unique property of being able to turn light into electricity, Gallium is also important today in the production of gallium arsenide LEDs and laser diodes.

__ Carbon Family __ (Group 14) Can gain, lose or share four electrons to react / four outer electrons Non metal and a solid, coal, graphite, and diamond Organic molecules made by living things contain carbon. Carbon is found in long chains such as hydrocarbons found in fuels, and lipids. Silicon and germanium are metalloids used in electronics Tin and lead have the properties of metals

__ Nitrogen Family __ (Group 15) Gain or share three electrons to react / five outer electrons Unreactive gas but some bacteria can “fix” elemental nitrogen. Atmosphere is 80% elemental nitrogen. Fertilizer contains nitrogen compounds. Phosphorus is a reactive solid discovered by boiling the water from 60 buckets of urine. Bismuth http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2012-07/gray-matter-extracting-bismuth-pepto-bismol-tablets

__ Oxygen Family __ (Group 16) Can gain or share electrons to react / six outer electrons Contains three nonmetals / physical properties vary Highly reactive and combines with most elements Oxygen most abundant element in the crust and is required by most cells. Sulfur is use in manufacturing and battery acid

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/indonesian-volcano-contains-electric-blue-streams-molten-sulfur-180956512/

__ Halogen Family __ (Group 17) Gains or shares one electron to react / seven outer electrons Very reactive and dangerous / Water will burn in fluorine Chlorine in small amounts is used to kill bacteria Carbon and fluorine make up nonstick coatings Fluoride a salt form of fluorine prevents tooth decay.

__ Inert Gases __ (Group 18) Eight outer electrons / don't gain or share electrons Unreactive Used in lights and to float balloons

More:

http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/groups2.html

http://elements-table.com/family/ http://physicalsciencecottrell.wikispaces.com/Periodic+Table+Groups+Overview+Brief http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/groups.html

Maybe have students attach theses to their tables: What group? activity:

reacts by losing one electrons Shiny and very soft Extremely reactive Conducts heat and electricity All will react strongly with water

Reacts by losing two electrons Shiny and soft Very Reactive Conducts heat and electricity All but one will react with water.

React slowly with water or not at all Shiny and most are hard Reactive to not very reactive Conducts heat and electricity Strong Many common and valuable metals

Softer or more brittle than transition metals Not as strong as the transition metals Tend to share electrons rather than lose them Able to conduct heat and electricity

Mixed with other metals to make alloys with special properties.

Many of these elements were made in laboratories.

Salt forming Gains or shares one electron in reactions Extremely reactive to very reactive Many are gases at normal temperatures

All are gases Extremely nonreactive Used in many types of lighting

Gains or shares three electrons when reacting

Gains, shares or loses four electrons when reacting

Gains or shares two electrons when reacting.

Malleable and ductile

Insulators and poor conductors

Dull and brittle